Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Crash Course World History It swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Catholic hierarchy. Protestant worship services in the local language rather than Latin. [64], The Pilgrims held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas, and its celebration was outlawed in Boston from 1659 to 1681. The Reformation | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn What Was the Counter-Reformation in the Catholic Church? - Learn Religions [20][bettersourceneeded]. Gudziak, Borys A. The term Counter-Reformationdenotes the period of Catholicrevival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IVin 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. Germany was home to the greatest number of Protestant reformers. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). Henry strongly wanted a male heir, and many of his subjects might have agreed, if only because they wanted to avoid another dynastic conflict like the Wars of the Roses. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Catholic party killed between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. [91] Today, Protestantism constitutes the second-largest form of Christianity (after Catholicism), with a total of 800million to 1billion adherents worldwide or about 37% of all Christians. However, in the city of Dublin the Reformation took hold under the auspices of George Browne, Archbishop of Dublin. They drove the monks out and seized all their possessions, for which they were promptly excommunicated by gmundur. The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, arising from what were perceived to be errors, abuses, and discrepancies by the Catholic Church. Luther survived after being declared an outlaw due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise. Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. [30], The Protestant Reformation was a triumph of literacy and the new printing press. By 1541, the Irish Parliament had agreed to the change in status of the country from that of a Lordship to that of Kingdom of Ireland. PDF {EBOOK} The Early Reformation On The Continent Oxford History Of The Austria followed the same pattern as the German-speaking states within the Holy Roman Empire, and Lutheranism became the main Protestant confession among its population. The center of Protestant learning in Hungary has for some centuries been the University of Debrecen. [36] Especially effective were writings in German, including Luther's translation of the Bible, his Smaller Catechism for parents teaching their children, and his Larger Catechism, for pastors. Between 1530 and 1540, Protestantism in Spain was still able to gain followers clandestinely, and in cities such as Seville and Valladolid adherents would secretly meet at private houses to pray and study the Bible. During Reformation-era confessionalization, Western Christianity adopted different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). During the war with Sweden, when King John Casimir (Jan Kazimierz) fled to Silesia, the Icon of Mary of Czstochowa became the rallying point for military opposition to the Swedish forces. Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century. A. worked to spread the ideas and teachings of John Calvin across Europe. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. Although Robert Barnes attempted to get Henry VIII to adopt Lutheran theology, he refused to do so in 1538 and burned him at the stake in 1540. For this, it took several action such as not allowing more corruption among the members, founded new religious orders to strengthen the institution. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. Its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The term Protestant, though initially purely political in nature, later acquired a broader sense, referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles. Though we might think of the Reformation in spiritual terms and view its legacy primarily as a renewed understanding of the Gospel, the work of Christ, and the role of Scripture in the life of the church, the reformers themselves had no choice but to be involved in politics. With the Counter Reformation, the church dedicated itself against protestants. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian message and leading to the development of modern nation-states.It is considered one of the most important events in Western history. The early Reformation in Germany mostly concerns the life of Martin Luther until he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. The translation had a significant impact upon the Welsh population and helped to firmly establish Protestantism among the Welsh people. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. [70] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. The Roman Inquisition was a court of the Catholic Church that prosecuted crimes of heresy. [53] Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans,[54] yet he quickly adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers, of whom the most famous was Hans Tausen. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521. Zwingli countered this saying that est in that context was the equivalent of the word significat (signifies).[52]. Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. Sacramental theology was simplified and attempts at imposing Aristotelian epistemology were resisted. Teter, Magda. Their ideas were studied in depth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. In particular, the Thirty Years' War (16181648) devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its entire population. [32][b][22][34] Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534) was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to Modern Standard German. [citation needed]. In 1417, two years after the execution of Jan Hus, the Czech reformation quickly became the chief force in the country. G. Reformation and Counter Reformation Print section Reformers of different kindsincluding John Wycliffe, John Huss (Jan Hus), and Girolamo Savonaroladenounced the moral laxity and financial corruption that had infected the church "in its members and in its head" and called for radical change. [11] He was accordingly characterised as the "evening star" of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the English Reformation. (The Protestant Reformation is divided into magisterial Protestantism, which employed the power of magistrates, and the radical Reformation, which at first ignored and then at times sought to overthrow the existing political order.) Through German trade connections, many young Icelanders studied in Hamburg. Molinism presented a soteriology similar to Protestants within the Roman Catholic Church. However, a number of factors complicated the adoption of the religious innovations in Ireland; the majority of the population there adhered to the Catholic Church. Each year drew new theologians to embrace the Reformation and participate in the ongoing, European-wide discussion about faith. [47] The exact moment Martin Luther realised the key doctrine of Justification by Faith is described in German as the Turmerlebnis. During the 1520s, the Spanish Inquisition had created an atmosphere of suspicion and sought to root out any religious thought seen as suspicious. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Peace of Augsburg was later broken by, The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. [citation needed]. [92][93][e] Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts and many other fields. [citation needed]. Counter-Reformation used both coercion and institutional reform to retain its ecclesiastical control of Christendom. His "Ordinances" of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. The Wars of the Reformation began with the Knights' Revolt of 1522-1523, followed by the German Peasants' Revolt in 1524-1525, the Eighty Years' War in 1566-1648, the French Wars of Religion . Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion of France, leading some Huguenots to live as Nicodemites. In the more independent northwest, the rulers and priests, protected now by the Habsburg monarchy, which had taken the field to fight the Turks, defended the old Catholic faith. England had already given rise to the Lollard movement of John Wycliffe, which played an important part in inspiring the Hussites in Bohemia. The Augustinianism of the Reformers struggled against Pelagianism, a heresy that they perceived in the Catholic Church of their day. In Table Talk, Luther describes it as a sudden realization. Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. Mary I earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" because she C. persecuted Protestants. Common factors that played a role during the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation included the rise of the printing press, nationalism, simony, the appointment of Cardinal-nephews, and other corruption of the Roman Curia and other ecclesiastical hierarchy, the impact of humanism, the new learning of the Renaissance versus scholasticism, and the Western Schism that eroded loyalty to the Papacy. The early Puritan movement (late 16th17th centuries) was Reformed (or Calvinist) and was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The Spread and Impact of the Reformation in 16th-Century Europe Let me propose three: 1 . The Reformation spread throughout Europe beginning in 1517, reaching its peak between 1545 and 1620. The vested interest thus created made for a powerful force in support of the dissolution. The different character of the English Reformation came rather from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. The counter-reformation was introduced in Europe to weaken the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through education, clergy reform, and spreading of the Catholic faith. Yet, at a popular level, religion in England was still in a state of flux. Influence of the Reformation on Political Thought Which statement best describes the Roman Inquisition? The Reformation is usually dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Saxony, when Luther sent his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on one hand and Catholicism on the other. In 1563, the Brest Bible was published (see also Bible translations into Polish). Calvinism became the most numerous Protestant group because Calvin's teachings on the role of the state within religion appealed to the nobility (known as szlachta), mainly in Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Corrections? Jan Hus was declared a heretic and executedburned at stakeat the Council of Constance in 1415 where he arrived voluntarily to defend his teachings. Reformation | Causes & Effects | Britannica Ten years later, in 1568, the Diet extended this freedom, declaring that "It is not allowed to anybody to intimidate anybody with captivity or expulsion for his religion". Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. Discover which Roman Catholic practices caused Martin Luther to write his. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. Greater entrepreneurship among religious minorities in Protestant states. In October another thirty were executed. Profound social and political changes were taking place in the West, with the awakening of . The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe.[36][c]. The Counter Reformation's Impact on Art | Encyclopedia.com The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed . Cities that had higher numbers of students enrolled in heterodox universities and lower numbers enrolled in orthodox universities were more likely to adopt Protestantism. It covered the following five areas: Doctrine (ideology) Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual Movements Political Dimensions The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther 's Reformation. Historical Context for The Protestant Reformation Divergent work attitudes of Protestant and Catholics. It is usually dated from the Council of Trent in 1545 to the end of the Great Turkish War in 1699, but according to some scholars, it continued afterwards and is ongoing in the present day. The Counter Reformation saw the Church use art, architecture, music and exploration to ensure that Christians understood that only St. Peter and the Church have the key: Rubens. The Reformation - HISTORY [51] Luther became so angry that he famously carved into the meeting table in chalk Hoc Est Corpus Meuma Biblical quotation from the Last Supper meaning "This is my body". Although Protestants were excommunicated and ended up worshipping in communions separate from Catholics (contrary to the original intention of the Reformers), they were also suppressed and persecuted in most of Europe at one point. Evidence from the well-being effect of unemployment", 11370/edf4c610-0828-4ba7-b222-9ce36e3c58be, "Origins of growth: How state institutions forged during the Protestant Reformation drove development", "The Protestant Ethic and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Religious Minorities from the Former Holy Roman Empire", "Law and Revolution, II Harold J. Berman | Harvard University Press", "the religious roots of modern poverty policy: catholic, lutheran, and reformed protestant traditions compared", "Constitution Day 2021: Mixed Government, Bicameralism, and the Creation of the U.S. Senate", "Printing, Reformation and Information Control", "Printing and Protestants: An Empirical Test of the Role of Printing in the Reformation", "Wittenberg Influences on the Reformation in Scandinavia", "The Wittenberg Reformation as a Media Event", "The Reformation and 'The Disenchantment of the World' Reassessed", Internet Archive of Related Texts and Documents, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, An ecumenical official valuation by Lutherans and Catholics 500 years later, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of ChristAgainst the Fanatics, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformation&oldid=1142768950, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015, Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia, Articles to be expanded from September 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from January 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In the mid-1520s, a massive popular insurrection, known as the German Peasants' War and partly inspired by the Reformation, produced a variety of challenging new . [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. Despite concerted efforts, the nobility rejected efforts to revise or rescind the Confederation of Warsaw, and protected this agreement. Protestant Reformation - World History Encyclopedia Key events of the period include: Diet of Worms (1521), formation of the Lutheran Duchy of Prussia (1525), English Reformation (1529 onwards), the Council of Trent (154563), the Peace of Augsburg (1555), the excommunication of Elizabeth I (1570), Edict of Nantes (1598) and Peace of Westphalia (1648). [95] The following outcomes of the Reformation regarding human capital formation, the Protestant ethic, economic development, governance, and "dark" outcomes have been identified by scholars:[39], Margaret C. Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church which began in the 1500s. The Reformation: Religious Wars in Europe | History, Facts In the early 17th century internal theological conflict within the Calvinist church between two tendencies of Calvinism, the Gomarists and the liberal Arminians (or Remonstrants), resulted in Gomarist Calvinism becoming the de facto state religion. Jesuits Role In The Counter-Reformation | ipl.org - Internet Public Library This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. These theses were highly controversial in their nature due to the questioning of Roman Catholic doctrine as well as a number of practices that had been followed by the church for centuries. ", Pettegree and Hall "Reformation and the Book, D. 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With a partner, create and present to the class a radio commercial that Mr. Noakes might put together to advertise the area as a tourist attraction, SPEAKING AND LISTENING. The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a movement within Western Christianity in the sixteenth-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular.