To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Othman et al. Terms and Conditions, In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Sci Total Environ. Cite this article. Xu et al. Neuroreport. J Radiat Proc. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Neurobiol Learn Mem. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Int J Radiat Biol. Nature. CAS However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. 2012;62:22336. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. PubMed Central Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. J Neurosci. 2012;112:1715. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Cell Biochem Biophys. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Google Scholar. 2006;98:170713. Am J Epidemiol. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. 2010;3:4650. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. J Electromagnet Anal. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. CAS However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2007;34:146779. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. 2016;25:31827. 2012;21:6209. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Zhao et al. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2014;70:84555. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Yale J Biol Med. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? J Natl Cancer Inst. PubMed 2010;473:525. Gold PE. Singh et al. Google Scholar. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. P Nat Acad. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Fragopoulou et al. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. However, Li et al. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2006;27:11926. 2012;35:32534. Neurosci Lett. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Military Medical Research Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. 2017;326:291. Acta Neurol Belg. 2001;12:72931. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Zhang et al. Thus, Cosquer et al. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Electromagn Biol Med. 2005;438:18592. 2007;210:63544. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. 2006;398:2537. [84] and Sharma et al. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2003;80:177. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Biol Chem. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. 2015;91:30611. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. PLoS One. Radiat Res. Xu et al. 2009;27:556572. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Mil Med Sci. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 2005;360:6577. Iran J Public Health. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat.